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Archive for the ‘Logic’ Category

Michael Dummett, perhaps one of the most influential Anglo-American philosophers of the last half of the 20th century, died on December 27th, 2011. I would have posted earlier had I been aware, but Dummett’s death only recently caught my attention. Personally, Dummett’s work on intuitionistic logic and verificationism have greatly influenced my own thoughts on logic and epistemology and, ironically, despite his verificationism, Dummett was also a practicing Roman Catholic.

For those who may be unfamiliar with Dummett’s work, here is an informative discussion given by Graham Priest, who last year permitted the FSPB to interview him, and Alan Saunders, the host of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s programme The Philosopher’s Zone.

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I found segments on youtube of Derek Jarman’s 1989 film “Wittgenstein.” The rest can be found on youtube. Enjoy!

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The logician and philosopher of science Neil Tennant’s piece entitled ‘What might logic and methodology have offered the Dover School Board, had they been willing to listen?’ Read it here in the articles section.

P.S. Tennant (appropriately) takes Larry Laudan to task for the latter’s position on the scientific nature of creationism, which he (Laudan) expressed in a 1982 paper highlighted recently in a post on the blog. 

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Before continuing, I should offer the following caveat. What is to follow is a very rough draft of a paper I threw together. The paper was inspired by another I authored on a similar theme for a PoS class. The following neglects many details and instead provides for a rough outline of a larger, much closer analyzed and ambitious paper I suspect I will write in the near future. So, this post is but an approximation of what is to come. Nevertheless, if the post engenders discussion on any topics pertaining to quantum mechanics, scientific methodology, philosophy of science, verificationism, logical positivism, whatever, and attracts critical first assessments, then it will have served its purpose.

Logical Positivism and the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

“The rise of quantum theory in the years 1900 to 1927 is surely one of the major advances in the history of science- perhaps even one of the greatest intellectual advances ever made by mankind” (Hund 1974, p. 5). The mathematical formulation of modern quantum mechanics consists of a complete and logically consistent framework of mathematical deductions (see, for instance, von Neumann 1955). However, an ordered series of mathematical deductions, no matter how complete or logically consistent, is not a physical theory. In order to obtain the status of a physical theory, the mathematical formalism or, more precisely, the mathematical representations, must be assigned certain, specifiable experimental conditions so as to allow for the determination of measurement procedures which may aid in the confirmation and disconfirmation of hypotheses and in the identification of new and fruitful avenues of investigation. Of course, the experimental data produced by the measurement procedures necessitate interpretation, and that interpretation will run up through the mathematical structure resulting in our view of the theory and its overall implications for our system of the world.

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Should students have to learn mathematics in school? A parody of the answers various Miss USA contestants gave to the question: Should students have to learn evolution in school? I agree with many of the Miss USA contestants. We should teach students both sides of the homeopathy and chemistry debate, too. I mean, like, students should have the opportunity and stuff to decide for themselves if homeopathy is true for them. I mean, like, isn’t logic culturally determined anyways and stuff?

From the blog Logic and Rational Interaction: The new Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy has initiated an iTunes channel with videocasts of lectures presented at the Center. Here is the description of the Munich Center from the iTunes channel:

Mathematical Philosophy – the application of logical and mathematical methods in philosophy – is about to experience a tremendous boom in various areas of philosophy. At the new Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy, which is funded mostly by the German Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, philosophical research will be carried out mathematically, that is, by means of methods that are very close to those used by the scientists. The purpose of doing philosophy in this way is not to reduce philosophy to mathematics or to natural science in any sense; rather mathematics is applied in order to derive philosophical conclusions from philosophical assumptions, just as in physics mathematical methods are used to derive physical predictions from physical laws. Nor is the idea of mathematical philosophy to dismiss any of the ancient questions of philosophy as irrelevant or senseless: although modern mathematical philosophy owes a lot to the heritage of the Vienna and Berlin Circles of Logical Empiricism, unlike the Logical Empiricists most mathematical philosophers today are driven by the same traditional questions about truth, knowledge, rationality, the nature of objects, morality, and the like, which were driving the classical philosophers, and no area of traditional philosophy is taken to be intrinsically misguided or confused anymore. It is just that some of the traditional questions of philosophy can be made much clearer and much more precise in logical-mathematical terms, for some of these questions answers can be given by means of mathematical proofs or models, and on this basis new and more concrete philosophical questions emerge. This may then lead to philosophical progress, and ultimately that is the goal of the Center.

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Patricia Churchland discusses eliminative materialism:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzT0jHJdq7Q

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SCENE: BEDROOM IN AN AUSTRIAN MANSION, c.1937

GRETEL: I don’t like his manner.

KURT: His attitude worries me.

LISEL: I am troubled by a general air of foreboding.

MARIA: Yes, children: my life is also, on occasion, clouded by manners, attitudes and airs of foreboding.

BRIGITA: So what do you do about it?

MARIA: Why, I simply think of nominalistically respectable things instead.

VON TRAPP CHILDREN (together): Nominalistically respectable things? What are they?

MARIA: Well, let me explain …

Properties, counterparts, tropes and relations,
Promises, lies and confused explanations,
Numbers and rhomboids, and this very list:
These are all items which do not exist.

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The following is the second part of the interview with Philosopher Graham Priest. Part I can be found here.

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The Florida Student Philosophy Blog is proud to present this interview with noted logician, Graham Priest. Professor Priest received his Ph.D. from the London School of Economics and has spent many years promoting a position within philosophical logic studies known as ‘dialetheism’ This controversial position asserts the existence of true contradictions. Professor Priest’s work is widely recognized and I, along with several of my student colleagues, have used the 2nd edition of his textbook, An Introduction to Non-Classical Logic. The Florida Student Philosophy Blog is very thankful for Professor Priest taking the time to answer the following questions gathered from several Florida Philosophy majors.

I have split the interview into two parts. This posting is the first part of the two. There will be an activist comment review policy, as in comments will be strictly regulated on this and the other part.

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From Carnegie Mellon University:

There is a long tradition of fruitful interaction between philosophy and the sciences. Logic and statistics emerged, historically, from combined philosophical and scientific inquiry into the nature of mathematical and scientific inference; and the modern conceptions of psychology, linguistics, and computer science are the results of sustained reflection on the nature of mind, language, and computation. In today’s climate of disciplinary specialization, however, foundational reflection is becoming increasingly rare. As a result, developments in the sciences are often conceptually ill-founded, and philosophical debates often lack scientific substance.

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I was wondering what the intuitions of the blog readers are regarding the familiar example of Schrodinger’s cat.

Here are several regarding whether or not the cat is alive or dead.

1) The cat is either alive or dead by metaphysical necessity.

2) It is a meaningless assertion because we can’t assert anything because we have no empirical verification.

3) It is unassertable but still the cat is still necessarily either alive or dead.

4) The cat is alive and not alive.

5) The truth of whether or not the cat is alive or dead is indeterminate, dropping bivalence here.

I think most people would fall under 1, but I’m leaning towards 5.

Readers?

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In order to save Dr. Vitz from his lonely succession of blog updates, I thought it an opportune time to share a few resources, the first two of which relate to today’s (eagerly anticipated) symposium on non-classical logics.

The first consists of a series of lectures, in published form, by Manuel Bremer, professor of philosophy at the University of Dusseldorf, Germany. The lectures provide a general overview of various paraconsistent logics in a non-technical, accessible fashion.

The second resource is the Centre for Logic, Epistemology, and the History of Science (CLE, for short) located at the State University of Campinas, Brazil. CLE publishes CLE e-Prints, an online journal concerning logic- mathematical and philosophical- and formal epistemology and their application to scientific methods. Of particular interest is the prevalence of philosophers (and philosophically inclined scientists) who work in paraconsistent (and intuitionistic) logics (sometimes known as Brazilian logics, after Newton da Costa).

The third is something I stumbled upon during an evening of internet exploration: The Philosophy Archive. The archive is constructed in a wiki format, which should make for easy navigation. However, I suspect the archive is new considering, to date, it has only 289 articles in English.

The last resource, like the second, is one I use often. The University of Pittsburgh hosts the PhilSci Archive, an archive of scholarly papers in the field of philosophy and history of science. In order to use the archive (which is actually very user-friendly) it is necessary first to create an account, which fortunately does not require payment.

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Deviant Logic Symposium

REMINDER (MOVING FORWARD FROM NOV. 11)

The University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth will host the event on Friday, November 19th, 3:00 – 6:00 P.M. (Eastern). Video will be available for those who cannot attend. Information is available here and here.

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BBC Radio 4 Program: In Our Time

The host, Melvyn Bragg, discusses the history of logic with guests A.C. Grayling, Peter Millican, and Rosanna Keefe.

The Nizkor Project’s Fallacies Section and Fallacy Files

Two sites that offer a decent exposition of informal logical fallacies (Fallacy Files also covers formal fallacies).

Sorites and Philosophers’ Imprint

Two free online journals which cover a wide range of philosophical subjects. Sorites, however, only publishes work in analytic philosophy, while Philosophers’ Imprint publishes, albeit sparingly, on continental topics.

Summer Schools in Logic and Learning

Produced by the University of Canberra, Australia, the School contains a plethora of lectures on computer science, logic, automated reasoning, and many other topics. Of particular interest to me, note the lecture in non-classical logic.

Finally, Flagler College is producing Sophocles’ Antigone. The play may be of some interest to those who are taking Philosophy of Law with Dr. Buchwalter. Amongst other themes, Sophocles addresses the (still vibrant) debate over the nature of law: is there a higher law, a law the supersedes the positive edicts of rulers? Antigone apparently thinks so!

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Filotheya: Prudence, you are an agnostic, right?

Prudence: I am, yes.

Filotheya: By ‘agnostic’ do you mean there is equal evidence both for and against the existence of God or something else?

Prudence: No, nothing else. I hold that there are equally compelling reasons to believe in God’s existence and not to believe in God’s existence such that God’s existence is as equally likely as God’s non-existence.

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For those who may think logical positivism extinct, I present Institute Vienna Circle: Society for the Advancement of the Scientific World Conception.

From University College, London: Evidence, Inference, & Enquiry: Towards an Integrated Science of Evidence. The Mission Statement of this interdisciplinary collaborative effort reads:

The ultimate aim is to advance human understanding, decision-making and risk management across a wide variety of academic and practical activities. This will be achieved through improved treatment of evidence, inference and enquiry, and through cross-disciplinary transfer of understanding, insight and good practice.

For those who, like myself, think Ockham’s Razor is more than an aesthetic / metaphysical inclination: Ockham’s Razor: A New Justification.

An in-depth, multipart interview / panel discussion with the venerable WVO Quine: The Quine – Fara Interview.

(Note the way in which Quine uses behavioristic speech when he refers to his personal tastes and preferences.)

Colliding Particles, an entertaining episodic production which follows a group of young British physicists at CERN in their search for the elusive mass giver: the Higgs boson.

Last- but certainly not least-, two bits concerning a personal favorite: wine.

(1) Philosophy Talk with Barry Smith on Wine.

(2) A report on the philosophy of wine.

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In Bayesian confirmation theory, the standard account under which a statement, e, is evidence for an hypothesis, h, is positive relevance (See, e.g., Carnap 1950; Earman 1992; Roush 2005; Howson and Urbach 2006). That is, e is evidence for h if and only if:

P(h|e) > P(h)

The positive probabilistic relationship between the conditional probability of h given e and the prior probability of h leads naturally to the conditions under which a statement may disconfirm a hypothesis:

e is evidence against h if and only if P(h|e) < P(h)

And the conditions under which evidence is neutral with respect to a hypothesis:

e is neutral with respect to h if and only if P(h|e) = P(h)

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The latest edition of the Philosophers’ Carnival is available here. Congratulations both to Edgar Aroutionian (“Boom, there goes Classical Logic.“) and to Andrew Brenner (“The Ship of Theseus“) whose posts were featured.

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So I’ll try to keep this brief.

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“They say that Understanding ought to work by the rules of right reason. These rules are, or ought to be, contained in Logic; but the actual science of logic is conversant at present only with things either certain, impossible, or entirely doubtful, none of which (fortunately) we have to reason on. Therefore the true logic for this world is the calculus of Probabilities, which takes account of the magnitude of the probability which is, or ought to be, in a reasonable man’s mind.”

James Clerk Maxwell, quoted in Jeffreys (1967) p 1.  

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You and your friend are in Lolitaville in search of Vladimir Nabokov’s recently released and incomplete novel, The Original of Laura, and happen upon two bookstores: R and L. You know without a doubt that the sole copy of Laura in Lolitaville is in one (but only one) of the two bookstores, but are unsure which exactly. You also know that whichever bookstore you enter, your friend will enter the other; which is problematic, because you really want to read the book before s/he does.

Now let us presume the population of Lolitaville consists of exactly two types of people: inveterate liars and uncompromising truthtellers, both of which are utterly indistinguishable from each other. All you know is that liars must lie and truthtellers must tell the truth. Let us further presume that each and every inhabitant- whether liar or truthteller- knows exactly which bookstore has Laura for sale. Now, you must ask a question and time permits you to ask one and only one to one and only one inhabitant. To complicate matters, the question must be polar (i.e. answered by either a ‘yes’ or ‘no’).

Alas! the question: Given the above conditions, what question would you ask in order to know, without a doubt, which bookstore you ought to enter?

P.S. For those with whom I have before discussed this, I challenge you to find another answer besides the one expected above.

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Do I contradict myself? Very well, then I contradict myself, I am large, I contain multitudes- Walt Whitman

 

Dialetheists, notably Graham Priest and, apparently, Walt Whitman, contend we may, under certain circumstances, ascribe truth to contradictions. A dialetheia is by definition a proposition, p, that when conjoined to its negation, ~p, produces a true evaluation, such that (p & ~p) is true. (more…)

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[ADMINISTRATIVE NOTE: MOVING TO THE FRONT (FROM AUGUST 15)]

Epistemic agents claim to know that-P within a context of competing alternative propositions, {A1, A2… An}, all of which would be as equally consistent with the facts as P, but necessarily exclude P, such that:

If some one member of {A1, A2… An} were true, then that-P would be false.

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Rajeev Goré of Australia National University gives a very approachable introduction to propositional modal logic in this video lecture here. It’s a nice, non-technical exposition of the relationship of syntax, semantics and derivation calculus for modal logic. Particularly interesting (and convincing!) is Goré’s assertion that Kripke frames can be intuitively understood in terms of graph theory.

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Congratulations to the students whose papers have been accepted for presentation at the 12th Annual Northeast Florida Student Philosophy Conference at UNF on February 7th:

“How to Motivate the Maxim that ‘Ought Implies Can’ to Defend the Principle of Alternate Possibilities”
Sean Armil (University of Florida)

“On the Limitations of Formal Methods”
Wataru Asanuma (Florida State University)

“A Defense of Lewisian Contextualism”
Yael Benjamin (University of Massachusettes at Dartmouth)

“The Impact of Chalmers’ Theory of Consciousness on the Theistic Argument from Consciousness”
Andrew Brenner (University of North Florida)

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